11/29/2012
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
The B6 vitambina is a chemical that is essential for the central nervous system, such as those involved in synaptic transmission between neurons in the cortex of the brain biogenic amines. Involved in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins, in the conversion of tryptophan into nicotinic acid and glycogen metabolism. The chemical name for vitamin B6 is pyridoxine, which includes the closely related compounds: pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, which are abundant in animal products and plants, such as red meat, liver, egg yolk, cereals and vegetables. Generally, vitamin B6, which is prescribed together with vitamin B12 to patients with memory problems or intellectual, as well as patients suffering from anemia.
Metabolic Effects of Lead
Lead poisoning is lead poisoning, which occurs when people absorb or inhale lead in any form. The result is damage to the red blood cells and nerve cells. People exposed to lead and develop lead poisoning usually those who work or profession brings them into contact with the lead found in the environment as a goldsmith exparsido, metal body painter, newsboys, etc.. The element is found in paints for metal parts, paint thinner solvent (turpentine), anti-oxidase paint, the carbon monoxide emitted from the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine, in and around the oil distilleries, etc. Therefore, the lead entering bloodstream through the alveoli polluted air we breathe.
Lead has many adverse metabolic effects on the synthesis of hemoglobin, red cell survival and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Inhibit the synthesis of heme by the action of the cytochrome P450 and range-aminolevulínica dehydratase, ferrochelatase blocking the enzyme, which catalyzes the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring structure. This increased excretion of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Leading the effect is the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in the brain and pancreas. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the function of sodium (Na), potassium (K)-ATPase of erythrocyte membranes. All functions are altered heme synthesis enzyme inhibition, increased concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and basophilic stippling, erythrocyte fragility crenation and abnormal, excessive hemolysis and anemia predisposition. Impaired mitochondrial function contribute to changes in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Lead has many adverse metabolic effects on the synthesis of hemoglobin, red cell survival and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Inhibit the synthesis of heme by the action of the cytochrome P450 and range-aminolevulínica dehydratase, ferrochelatase blocking the enzyme, which catalyzes the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring structure. This increased excretion of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Leading the effect is the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in the brain and pancreas. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the function of sodium (Na), potassium (K)-ATPase of erythrocyte membranes. All functions are altered heme synthesis enzyme inhibition, increased concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and basophilic stippling, erythrocyte fragility crenation and abnormal, excessive hemolysis and anemia predisposition. Impaired mitochondrial function contribute to changes in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, which is the chemical name cianocobolamina, is a chemical compound that dissolves in water and hematopoietic. Contribute to the myelination of axons of neurons, DNA synthesis, cell division. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes pernicious anemia and other forms of megaloplásticas anemia, and neurological problems. Cianocobolamina natural sources include red meat, eggs, liver, fish, milk, etc..
Radiation Effects on Cell
Morphological changes induced by radiation on cells patognomónicamente and qualitatively similar to the effects caused by other agents such as nitrogen mustard, Myleran, etc. Influenced cytoplasm and nucleus, the initial response is in the form of cellular swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolation, growth and mitochondrial distortion and deformation , disorganization, swelling and fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, lysosomes are relatively resistant to radiation and sometimes increase their numbers. With radiation, the core swells, becomes vacuolated, and severely attacked cells undergo pyknosis or karyorrhexis.
In cells undergoing radiation, no disruption of the nuclear membrane and the plasma.
In cells undergoing division, warned various chromosomal damage, including loss, damage, transiocaciones, interadherencia and fragmentation. Figure mitosis becomes irregular, even chaotic. It is indisputable that there should be more subtle mutations at the level of individual genes. Factors underlying cell damage genetic tools are deadly action, oncogenic and mutagenic radiation energy. It should be noted, incidentally, that the changes observed in the cytoplasm of cells undergoing mitosis nuclear and radiation make intimate resemblance keep cancer cells, a problem that is often abused when tissue irradiated pathologist evaluated the possible persistence of tumor cells.
Many of the effects of radiation on normal and tumor tissue injury mediated by vessels and connective tissue. In the period immediately after radiation, the blood vessels may show only dilatation, which explains the erythema of the skin which is usually observed after radiotherapy. Then (or more intense exposure), endothelial cells undergo swelling, vacuolation, even collapse. Finally, the ship, badly damaged, and may experience progressive deterioration of thrombosis or fibrosis with decreased size. Adjacent connective tissue also becomes increasingly sclerotic. Thus, parenchymal cells lack the proper nutrition and experienced atrophy and die. Changes in stromal and parenchymal atrophy along very similar to that observed in aging.
In cells undergoing division, warned various chromosomal damage, including loss, damage, transiocaciones, interadherencia and fragmentation. Figure mitosis becomes irregular, even chaotic. It is indisputable that there should be more subtle mutations at the level of individual genes. Factors underlying cell damage genetic tools are deadly action, oncogenic and mutagenic radiation energy. It should be noted, incidentally, that the changes observed in the cytoplasm of cells undergoing mitosis nuclear and radiation make intimate resemblance keep cancer cells, a problem that is often abused when tissue irradiated pathologist evaluated the possible persistence of tumor cells.
Many of the effects of radiation on normal and tumor tissue injury mediated by vessels and connective tissue. In the period immediately after radiation, the blood vessels may show only dilatation, which explains the erythema of the skin which is usually observed after radiotherapy. Then (or more intense exposure), endothelial cells undergo swelling, vacuolation, even collapse. Finally, the ship, badly damaged, and may experience progressive deterioration of thrombosis or fibrosis with decreased size. Adjacent connective tissue also becomes increasingly sclerotic. Thus, parenchymal cells lack the proper nutrition and experienced atrophy and die. Changes in stromal and parenchymal atrophy along very similar to that observed in aging.
Tissue Damage by Radiation
Generally, the skin may be attacked on radiation injury as a gateway to most forms of radiation. Radiation Erythema respectively, which begin in two to three days and peaks at two to three weeks, usually observed in somente radiotherapy for cancer patients. Then hyperpigmentation or depigmentation may appear irregular, hyperkeratosis, hair removal, dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis and telangiectases. When a serious attack of radiation skin ulcers can occur, even five years after application. A more serious effect of the radiation on the skin is the appearance of epidermoid cancer, in some cases years after the exposure.
Hemopoietic and lymphoid system, by having cells that divide rapidly, are very susceptible to radiation damage, which can lead to significant lymphopenia in terms of hours, followed by one or two days of contractions of the lymph nodes and spleen. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred only until the end of the first week. All of these changes are reversible if the patient survives and if not destroyed primitive progenitor cells.
Germ cells of women and men are very radiosensitive and sterility may be residual effects from radiation injury. However, the radiation dose is identical opportunities are more likely to cause infertility in women than in men. Progressive cell susceptibility in humans, in order of frequency of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. In women are more susceptible follicles granulosa cells and germ cells.
Lungs, because the blood vessels are abundant, highly susceptible to radiation damage, for example, in the radiotherapy of breast cancer in women. Most of the initial injury associated with endothelial cell injury, which can be destroyed and serious esfacelan after exposure, followed by septal capillary thrombosis. In less severe lesions by radiation, may occur only sublethal endothelial cell injury, but, however, may come intracapillary thrombosis. Thus, fibrosis and loss of capillary blood vessels is a common late sequelae of radiation exposure.
Mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is highly radiosensitive severe damage and sometimes have stomach cancer during radiotherapy. Early changes range from swelling and vacuolation of the cells of the intestinal mucosa hyperemia accompanied by several submucosal vessels until complete necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Then atrophy and fibrosis may cause mucosal, including interstitial fibrosis musuclar tunic.
Hemopoietic and lymphoid system, by having cells that divide rapidly, are very susceptible to radiation damage, which can lead to significant lymphopenia in terms of hours, followed by one or two days of contractions of the lymph nodes and spleen. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred only until the end of the first week. All of these changes are reversible if the patient survives and if not destroyed primitive progenitor cells.
Germ cells of women and men are very radiosensitive and sterility may be residual effects from radiation injury. However, the radiation dose is identical opportunities are more likely to cause infertility in women than in men. Progressive cell susceptibility in humans, in order of frequency of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. In women are more susceptible follicles granulosa cells and germ cells.
Lungs, because the blood vessels are abundant, highly susceptible to radiation damage, for example, in the radiotherapy of breast cancer in women. Most of the initial injury associated with endothelial cell injury, which can be destroyed and serious esfacelan after exposure, followed by septal capillary thrombosis. In less severe lesions by radiation, may occur only sublethal endothelial cell injury, but, however, may come intracapillary thrombosis. Thus, fibrosis and loss of capillary blood vessels is a common late sequelae of radiation exposure.
Mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is highly radiosensitive severe damage and sometimes have stomach cancer during radiotherapy. Early changes range from swelling and vacuolation of the cells of the intestinal mucosa hyperemia accompanied by several submucosal vessels until complete necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Then atrophy and fibrosis may cause mucosal, including interstitial fibrosis musuclar tunic.
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