11/29/2012
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
The B6 vitambina is a chemical that is essential for the central nervous system, such as those involved in synaptic transmission between neurons in the cortex of the brain biogenic amines. Involved in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins, in the conversion of tryptophan into nicotinic acid and glycogen metabolism. The chemical name for vitamin B6 is pyridoxine, which includes the closely related compounds: pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, which are abundant in animal products and plants, such as red meat, liver, egg yolk, cereals and vegetables. Generally, vitamin B6, which is prescribed together with vitamin B12 to patients with memory problems or intellectual, as well as patients suffering from anemia.
Metabolic Effects of Lead
Lead poisoning is lead poisoning, which occurs when people absorb or inhale lead in any form. The result is damage to the red blood cells and nerve cells. People exposed to lead and develop lead poisoning usually those who work or profession brings them into contact with the lead found in the environment as a goldsmith exparsido, metal body painter, newsboys, etc.. The element is found in paints for metal parts, paint thinner solvent (turpentine), anti-oxidase paint, the carbon monoxide emitted from the exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine, in and around the oil distilleries, etc. Therefore, the lead entering bloodstream through the alveoli polluted air we breathe.
Lead has many adverse metabolic effects on the synthesis of hemoglobin, red cell survival and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Inhibit the synthesis of heme by the action of the cytochrome P450 and range-aminolevulínica dehydratase, ferrochelatase blocking the enzyme, which catalyzes the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring structure. This increased excretion of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Leading the effect is the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in the brain and pancreas. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the function of sodium (Na), potassium (K)-ATPase of erythrocyte membranes. All functions are altered heme synthesis enzyme inhibition, increased concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and basophilic stippling, erythrocyte fragility crenation and abnormal, excessive hemolysis and anemia predisposition. Impaired mitochondrial function contribute to changes in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Lead has many adverse metabolic effects on the synthesis of hemoglobin, red cell survival and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Inhibit the synthesis of heme by the action of the cytochrome P450 and range-aminolevulínica dehydratase, ferrochelatase blocking the enzyme, which catalyzes the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring structure. This increased excretion of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Leading the effect is the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in the brain and pancreas. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the function of sodium (Na), potassium (K)-ATPase of erythrocyte membranes. All functions are altered heme synthesis enzyme inhibition, increased concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and basophilic stippling, erythrocyte fragility crenation and abnormal, excessive hemolysis and anemia predisposition. Impaired mitochondrial function contribute to changes in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, which is the chemical name cianocobolamina, is a chemical compound that dissolves in water and hematopoietic. Contribute to the myelination of axons of neurons, DNA synthesis, cell division. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes pernicious anemia and other forms of megaloplásticas anemia, and neurological problems. Cianocobolamina natural sources include red meat, eggs, liver, fish, milk, etc..
Radiation Effects on Cell
Morphological changes induced by radiation on cells patognomónicamente and qualitatively similar to the effects caused by other agents such as nitrogen mustard, Myleran, etc. Influenced cytoplasm and nucleus, the initial response is in the form of cellular swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolation, growth and mitochondrial distortion and deformation , disorganization, swelling and fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, lysosomes are relatively resistant to radiation and sometimes increase their numbers. With radiation, the core swells, becomes vacuolated, and severely attacked cells undergo pyknosis or karyorrhexis.
In cells undergoing radiation, no disruption of the nuclear membrane and the plasma.
In cells undergoing division, warned various chromosomal damage, including loss, damage, transiocaciones, interadherencia and fragmentation. Figure mitosis becomes irregular, even chaotic. It is indisputable that there should be more subtle mutations at the level of individual genes. Factors underlying cell damage genetic tools are deadly action, oncogenic and mutagenic radiation energy. It should be noted, incidentally, that the changes observed in the cytoplasm of cells undergoing mitosis nuclear and radiation make intimate resemblance keep cancer cells, a problem that is often abused when tissue irradiated pathologist evaluated the possible persistence of tumor cells.
Many of the effects of radiation on normal and tumor tissue injury mediated by vessels and connective tissue. In the period immediately after radiation, the blood vessels may show only dilatation, which explains the erythema of the skin which is usually observed after radiotherapy. Then (or more intense exposure), endothelial cells undergo swelling, vacuolation, even collapse. Finally, the ship, badly damaged, and may experience progressive deterioration of thrombosis or fibrosis with decreased size. Adjacent connective tissue also becomes increasingly sclerotic. Thus, parenchymal cells lack the proper nutrition and experienced atrophy and die. Changes in stromal and parenchymal atrophy along very similar to that observed in aging.
In cells undergoing division, warned various chromosomal damage, including loss, damage, transiocaciones, interadherencia and fragmentation. Figure mitosis becomes irregular, even chaotic. It is indisputable that there should be more subtle mutations at the level of individual genes. Factors underlying cell damage genetic tools are deadly action, oncogenic and mutagenic radiation energy. It should be noted, incidentally, that the changes observed in the cytoplasm of cells undergoing mitosis nuclear and radiation make intimate resemblance keep cancer cells, a problem that is often abused when tissue irradiated pathologist evaluated the possible persistence of tumor cells.
Many of the effects of radiation on normal and tumor tissue injury mediated by vessels and connective tissue. In the period immediately after radiation, the blood vessels may show only dilatation, which explains the erythema of the skin which is usually observed after radiotherapy. Then (or more intense exposure), endothelial cells undergo swelling, vacuolation, even collapse. Finally, the ship, badly damaged, and may experience progressive deterioration of thrombosis or fibrosis with decreased size. Adjacent connective tissue also becomes increasingly sclerotic. Thus, parenchymal cells lack the proper nutrition and experienced atrophy and die. Changes in stromal and parenchymal atrophy along very similar to that observed in aging.
Tissue Damage by Radiation
Generally, the skin may be attacked on radiation injury as a gateway to most forms of radiation. Radiation Erythema respectively, which begin in two to three days and peaks at two to three weeks, usually observed in somente radiotherapy for cancer patients. Then hyperpigmentation or depigmentation may appear irregular, hyperkeratosis, hair removal, dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis and telangiectases. When a serious attack of radiation skin ulcers can occur, even five years after application. A more serious effect of the radiation on the skin is the appearance of epidermoid cancer, in some cases years after the exposure.
Hemopoietic and lymphoid system, by having cells that divide rapidly, are very susceptible to radiation damage, which can lead to significant lymphopenia in terms of hours, followed by one or two days of contractions of the lymph nodes and spleen. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred only until the end of the first week. All of these changes are reversible if the patient survives and if not destroyed primitive progenitor cells.
Germ cells of women and men are very radiosensitive and sterility may be residual effects from radiation injury. However, the radiation dose is identical opportunities are more likely to cause infertility in women than in men. Progressive cell susceptibility in humans, in order of frequency of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. In women are more susceptible follicles granulosa cells and germ cells.
Lungs, because the blood vessels are abundant, highly susceptible to radiation damage, for example, in the radiotherapy of breast cancer in women. Most of the initial injury associated with endothelial cell injury, which can be destroyed and serious esfacelan after exposure, followed by septal capillary thrombosis. In less severe lesions by radiation, may occur only sublethal endothelial cell injury, but, however, may come intracapillary thrombosis. Thus, fibrosis and loss of capillary blood vessels is a common late sequelae of radiation exposure.
Mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is highly radiosensitive severe damage and sometimes have stomach cancer during radiotherapy. Early changes range from swelling and vacuolation of the cells of the intestinal mucosa hyperemia accompanied by several submucosal vessels until complete necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Then atrophy and fibrosis may cause mucosal, including interstitial fibrosis musuclar tunic.
Hemopoietic and lymphoid system, by having cells that divide rapidly, are very susceptible to radiation damage, which can lead to significant lymphopenia in terms of hours, followed by one or two days of contractions of the lymph nodes and spleen. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred only until the end of the first week. All of these changes are reversible if the patient survives and if not destroyed primitive progenitor cells.
Germ cells of women and men are very radiosensitive and sterility may be residual effects from radiation injury. However, the radiation dose is identical opportunities are more likely to cause infertility in women than in men. Progressive cell susceptibility in humans, in order of frequency of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. In women are more susceptible follicles granulosa cells and germ cells.
Lungs, because the blood vessels are abundant, highly susceptible to radiation damage, for example, in the radiotherapy of breast cancer in women. Most of the initial injury associated with endothelial cell injury, which can be destroyed and serious esfacelan after exposure, followed by septal capillary thrombosis. In less severe lesions by radiation, may occur only sublethal endothelial cell injury, but, however, may come intracapillary thrombosis. Thus, fibrosis and loss of capillary blood vessels is a common late sequelae of radiation exposure.
Mucosal epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is highly radiosensitive severe damage and sometimes have stomach cancer during radiotherapy. Early changes range from swelling and vacuolation of the cells of the intestinal mucosa hyperemia accompanied by several submucosal vessels until complete necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Then atrophy and fibrosis may cause mucosal, including interstitial fibrosis musuclar tunic.
Oculomotor Nerve
Oculomotor nerve is the third pair of cranial nerves. It comes from the brain stem and brain peduncles appeared before heading into the sinus cave. Oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through the orbital fissure. Its branches innervate the upper eyelid levator and all the intrinsic muscles of the eyeball, except lateral rectus and superior oblique.
Karyorrhexis
Karyorrhexis is broken or damage to the cell nucleus, where the chromatin crushed into granules with disabilities are removed from the cell. Karyorrhexis is one of the intermediate stages of cell death, necrobiosis of vessels previously.
11/28/2012
Trigeminal nerve (V)
The trigeminal nerve is the cranial nerve V. It appears from the face of the lateral annular bulge (medulla above) as a result of the mixture, ie, motor and sensory fibers. Sensory fibers projecting to the trigeminal ganglion, which contains the origin of most of the fiber neurons, which transmit sensory information from the face. Motor nerves innervate muscle fibers trrigémino mastication.
Pyknosis
Are pyknosis chromosome contraction degenerative component of the cell nucleus, where the chromatin condenses into solid amorphous mass. This occurs in a cell in the phase of apoptosis or necrosis.
Troklearis Nerve (IV)
The fourth pair of cranial nerves are motor nerves and is known as troklearis nerve, which innervates the superior oblique eye muscle. Emerging from the back of the brain stem and the cross on the way to the opposite side to cross the opposite orbital fissure. Troklearis nerve axon nerve fibers is a compound thin some.
Von Willebrand Disease
Von Willebrand disease is clinically characterized by spontaneous bleeding in the mucous membranes, excessive bleeding wounds, menorrhagia, and bleeding time prolongation with the normal number of platelets. In most cases, von Willebrand disease is transmitted as an autosomal dominant. It is difficult to assess, because in many cases it is a benign clinical manifestations, and diagnosis requires a delicate analysis.
Von Willebrand disease pathogenesis is complex and requires defective platelet function and coagulation mechanisms. Efforts to unravel the complexity has led to a better understanding of the molecular biology of factor VIII, which is a basic glycoprotein coagulant, has three activities net: 1) Factor VIII procoagulant, which depends on the activity of promoting and missing clumps of classic hemophilia as in von Willebrand patients , 2) von Willebrand factor, which is synthesized by endothelial cells and is considered necessary for the adhesion of platelets to subendothelial tissue and in vivo for the conglomerate ristocetin-induced platelet in vitro (ristocetin ancient antibiotics currently used only for studying platelet function), 3) factor VIII-related antigen determinant factor VIII antigen showed discovered by heterologous antibody.
Without going into the complexities of the great, classic and most common variant of von Willebrand disease characterized by proportionate decrease in the three factor VIII activity. In another variant decreased platelet aggregation. Other variants have been described with a defect complex quantitative variables and factor VIII with different mechanisms of inheritance, and several clinical benign.
Von Willebrand disease pathogenesis is complex and requires defective platelet function and coagulation mechanisms. Efforts to unravel the complexity has led to a better understanding of the molecular biology of factor VIII, which is a basic glycoprotein coagulant, has three activities net: 1) Factor VIII procoagulant, which depends on the activity of promoting and missing clumps of classic hemophilia as in von Willebrand patients , 2) von Willebrand factor, which is synthesized by endothelial cells and is considered necessary for the adhesion of platelets to subendothelial tissue and in vivo for the conglomerate ristocetin-induced platelet in vitro (ristocetin ancient antibiotics currently used only for studying platelet function), 3) factor VIII-related antigen determinant factor VIII antigen showed discovered by heterologous antibody.
Without going into the complexities of the great, classic and most common variant of von Willebrand disease characterized by proportionate decrease in the three factor VIII activity. In another variant decreased platelet aggregation. Other variants have been described with a defect complex quantitative variables and factor VIII with different mechanisms of inheritance, and several clinical benign.
Factor VIII
Factor VIII is a complex macromolecules present in blood plasma, which consists of two separate entities: one is a glycoprotein variant (isoform a), which causes a deficiency of von Willebrand disease, variant 2 contains a small protein (isoform b), whose deficiency results in hemophilia A . Factor VIII gene is located on the X chromosome (Xq28).
Infectious Mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis is a lymphoproliferative disease, benign and resolve spontaneously, which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Clinical presentation and severity of infectious mononucleosis is a variable, a typical case starts with chills, fever, malaise, enlarged lymph nodes painful cervical and intense pharyngitis. In the pharynx and tonsillar exudate cream can be observed, and just under 50% of the cases are petechiae on the ceiling. In 10 to 15% of patients fine spotted rash of rubella warned. Splenomegaly is characteristic and can cause pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. For diagnosis is important that there is a lymphocytosis and identified in the peripheral blood smear atypical lymphocytes. Most patients have heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes in the Paul-Bunnell test.
Pathology
The main changes affecting infectious mononucleosis blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system, and, sometimes, other organs. In peripheral blood lymphocytosis no absolute total leukocyte number between 12,000 and 18.000/mm3. Many of the large atypical lymphocytes, from 12 to 16 microns in diameter, characterized by abundant cytoplasm and vacuoles containing many clear oval nucleus, notched or withdrawn. These atypical lymphocytes, which have largely T cell markers are usually unique enough to allow diagnosis by examination of peripheral blood smears.
Lymph nodes are typically modest growth throughout the body, especially in the posterior cervical, axillary and inguinal. On histologic examination, lymphoid tissue is flooded with atypical lymphocytes occupied by cortical areas (T-cell).
Etiology
Epstein-Barr virus that causes infectious mononucleosis is the same herpes virus that can cause severe and subclinical Burkitt lymphoma affects 50% of the world population.
Prognosis
It is good to excellent, with a slow but progressive improvement after two to four weeks of fever. Deaths are rare and usually breaks atribuilbles against recurrent infections or spleen.
Pathology
The main changes affecting infectious mononucleosis blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system, and, sometimes, other organs. In peripheral blood lymphocytosis no absolute total leukocyte number between 12,000 and 18.000/mm3. Many of the large atypical lymphocytes, from 12 to 16 microns in diameter, characterized by abundant cytoplasm and vacuoles containing many clear oval nucleus, notched or withdrawn. These atypical lymphocytes, which have largely T cell markers are usually unique enough to allow diagnosis by examination of peripheral blood smears.
Lymph nodes are typically modest growth throughout the body, especially in the posterior cervical, axillary and inguinal. On histologic examination, lymphoid tissue is flooded with atypical lymphocytes occupied by cortical areas (T-cell).
Etiology
Epstein-Barr virus that causes infectious mononucleosis is the same herpes virus that can cause severe and subclinical Burkitt lymphoma affects 50% of the world population.
Prognosis
It is good to excellent, with a slow but progressive improvement after two to four weeks of fever. Deaths are rare and usually breaks atribuilbles against recurrent infections or spleen.
Abducens
Called abducens cranial nerve VI. It originates in the pons, near the exit of the fourth ventricle and the brainstem between the pons and medulla. After a long journey into the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Abducens nerve innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle, which causes the eye to change.
Histiocytosis
Histiocytosis is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of histiocytes, especially in reticuloendothelial organs of the body. Macrophages, histiocytes normally found in an inactive form in the connective tissue. The etiology of histiocytosis, but suspected infectious agent also includes three variants of clinical and morphological features of more or less, the disease Letterer-Siwe disease, Hand-Schuller-Christian, and eosinophilic granuloma. Even if the covered entity is a different disease or if a different period or the expression of the same underlying disorder.
However, there is proliferation of histiocytes in all and in more chronic cases, the accumulation of cholesterol in the cell. Found in some patients with histiocytosis several immunological abnormalities, including decreased T suppressor cells and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes. Of extract of calf thymus and immunological abnormalities corrected clinical remission occurred, suggesting that immunity might become angry basic underlying the mysterious disease.
However, there is proliferation of histiocytes in all and in more chronic cases, the accumulation of cholesterol in the cell. Found in some patients with histiocytosis several immunological abnormalities, including decreased T suppressor cells and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes. Of extract of calf thymus and immunological abnormalities corrected clinical remission occurred, suggesting that immunity might become angry basic underlying the mysterious disease.
Lymphadenitis Dermatopathic
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis exhibit characteristics that affect the lymph nodes draining lymphadenitis chronic dermatological diseases where chronic. Often associated with eczema, psoriasis, exfoliative dermatitis, neurodermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. In dermatopathic lymphadenitis, lymph nodes are often enlarged and characterized as follows: 1) reticle germinative follicular cell hyperplasia, 2) hyperplasia of sinusoidal lining cells, 3) the accumulation of melanin and hemosiderin unclear, 4) development of lipid finely divided granules in phagocytes . The pathogenesis of this change seems to stem from the persistent pigment melanin draining lymph nodes were attacked and leftover fat dermal injury. The disorder has little meaning, except for the possible confusion with lymphoproliferative disorders.
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that has a relationship with the brain. Except for the first two pairs (the olfactory nerve and optic nerve), cranial nerve arises from the anterior surface of the brain stem (cerebral peduncles, pons, and medulla oblongata) and come to the surface through a hole in the skull. Some sensory, some machines mix, and more. Innervate the organs and tissues of the head and neck, the vagus nerve EXCLUSION (X pair), which fell into the chest cavity.
The first two pairs, the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), unlike other cranial nerves from the brain directly without going outside and is a means of communication of the sense of smell and sight, the first extending from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory filament bulb , both from the retina to the optic chiasm. Oculomotor nerve (III) innervates the muscles of the upper eyelid, the superior rectus, medial rectus, lower rectus and oblique eyes low. Troklearis nerve (IV) innervates the superior oblique eye muscle.
The trigeminal nerve (V) mixed, emerging from the pons, and receives sensory information from the face and supply the muscles of mastication. The abducens (VI) is a motor and innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle. The facial nerve (VII) were mixed and supplying the facial muscles and receive sensory information from the sense of two-thirds of the tongue. Auditory nerve (VIII) receives sensory information hearing and balance. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is a mixture of nerves and receive information from a third sense of the tongue, parotid gland and stylopharyngeus innervates muscles.
The vagus nerve (X), a mixture of muscle inverva the pharynx and larynx, and providing parasympathetic fibers to the organ the chest and abdomen. Accessory nerve (XI) is a motor and control and trapeze sternocleidomastoid muscle. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) inverva muscles and tongue muscles other articulation glosales and important to talk.
The first two pairs, the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), unlike other cranial nerves from the brain directly without going outside and is a means of communication of the sense of smell and sight, the first extending from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory filament bulb , both from the retina to the optic chiasm. Oculomotor nerve (III) innervates the muscles of the upper eyelid, the superior rectus, medial rectus, lower rectus and oblique eyes low. Troklearis nerve (IV) innervates the superior oblique eye muscle.
The trigeminal nerve (V) mixed, emerging from the pons, and receives sensory information from the face and supply the muscles of mastication. The abducens (VI) is a motor and innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle. The facial nerve (VII) were mixed and supplying the facial muscles and receive sensory information from the sense of two-thirds of the tongue. Auditory nerve (VIII) receives sensory information hearing and balance. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is a mixture of nerves and receive information from a third sense of the tongue, parotid gland and stylopharyngeus innervates muscles.
The vagus nerve (X), a mixture of muscle inverva the pharynx and larynx, and providing parasympathetic fibers to the organ the chest and abdomen. Accessory nerve (XI) is a motor and control and trapeze sternocleidomastoid muscle. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) inverva muscles and tongue muscles other articulation glosales and important to talk.
11/27/2012
Eczema
Eczema is an inflammation of the skin characterized by erythema (rash), vesicles, itching, and papules sensitive, serous discharge material, and peeling. Usually eczema is an allergic reaction that affects the skin, which occurs in children, but it also affects adults but in more severe and can be complicated by infection, can occur as acute or chronic. In the form of chronic, difficult to treat and tend to disappear from time to time, but usually repeated. Patients suffering from chronic eczema, usually have a family history of allergic diseases, such as asthma or hay fever, but it can also appear as a symptom of a disease, such as liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and nervous systems. In most cases, treatment involves application of a topical cream, containing corticosteroids and antibiotics.
Lennox-Gastaut Ophthalmology
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is myoclonic epilepsy STATIC affecting children as a result of some brain problems such as cerebral hemorrhage, perinatal hypoxia, encephalitis and brain metabolic disorders. It is characterized by mental retardation, epileptic seizures and akinetic.
Optic Tract
Optical channel is one of the two bundles of nerve fibers that extend from the optic chiasm to the brain peduncles, where it divides into the root and the other half, which ended in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body, respectively. As an optical channel is a continuation of the optic nerve, its function is to tranmistir visual sensory information coming from the retina to the brain (accipital lobe). If the lesion in one optical channel, this will lead to hemianopsia, which is half blind eye visual field accordingly.
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is an infection by free-living amoebae, which sometimes act as parasites in humans, deliberate infection through the nostrils. It amebiasis they call the "main" to distinguish them from amoebiasis by Entamoeba histolytica, which also occasionally attacks the central nervous system in this case is called amoebic meningoencephalitis secondary. Symptoms include fever, headache, rhinitis, respiratory symptoms, impaired sense of smell, hearing, and mental confusion, loss of consciousness and motor function. Diagnosis: lumbar puncture to remove cerebrospinal fluid, which is purulent, with an increase in polymorphonuclear increased albumin and absence of bacteria, rather it is an amoeba, which is the only way to etiology.
Etiologic agent
They have recognized three genera that cause primary amoebic miningoencefalitis: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella. These free-living amoeba trophozoites as sweet and warm water (25 ° to 35 °), and lakes, ponds, rivers, etc., where they multiply by binary fission and feed on bacteria. Infection in humans is obtained mainly by contaminated water that reaches the nostrils, especially by bathers or swimmers rinse or clean your nostrils with water in which they bathe. They penetrate the cribriform plate, invade and colonize the brain in a different location.
The initial invasion, through the nose, resulting in a temporary inflammation of the nasal passages, the secretions, which often goes unnoticed. The main lesions found in the brain and meninges, but the olfactory tract, medulla and cerebellum are also affected. The brain seems tender, swollen and hemorrhagic necrosis, which hyperemic meninges with hemorrhagic focus and covered by a purulent exudate composed of mononuclear and polimorfononucleares. There necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis in some areas.
Prognosis
Grave. Usually fatal in 80% of cases of Naegleria fowleri infection by amoeba.
Treatment
Because antibiotics do not work, amphotericin B is used, which has been shown to have great power antiambiano in vitro in several strains of Naegleria and has been protecting animals. It can be used intravenously or intraventricularly while doses of 0.25 to 1 mg / kg / day. If treatment is delayed, it is likely that the patients progressed to death.
Etiologic agent
They have recognized three genera that cause primary amoebic miningoencefalitis: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella. These free-living amoeba trophozoites as sweet and warm water (25 ° to 35 °), and lakes, ponds, rivers, etc., where they multiply by binary fission and feed on bacteria. Infection in humans is obtained mainly by contaminated water that reaches the nostrils, especially by bathers or swimmers rinse or clean your nostrils with water in which they bathe. They penetrate the cribriform plate, invade and colonize the brain in a different location.
The initial invasion, through the nose, resulting in a temporary inflammation of the nasal passages, the secretions, which often goes unnoticed. The main lesions found in the brain and meninges, but the olfactory tract, medulla and cerebellum are also affected. The brain seems tender, swollen and hemorrhagic necrosis, which hyperemic meninges with hemorrhagic focus and covered by a purulent exudate composed of mononuclear and polimorfononucleares. There necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis in some areas.
Prognosis
Grave. Usually fatal in 80% of cases of Naegleria fowleri infection by amoeba.
Treatment
Because antibiotics do not work, amphotericin B is used, which has been shown to have great power antiambiano in vitro in several strains of Naegleria and has been protecting animals. It can be used intravenously or intraventricularly while doses of 0.25 to 1 mg / kg / day. If treatment is delayed, it is likely that the patients progressed to death.
Telangiectasia
Telangiectasia is called chronic dilation of the capillaries of the skin and mucous membranes, causing small vascular lesions. This anomaly can be obtained, but it is usually congenital and often hereditary. Typically, telangiectasias appear on the face and legs. When they appear in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, some may bleed. Telangiectasia treated with electrocoagulation or cryotherapy.
Paragonimiasis
The paragonimiasis, also known as lung fluke, is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus, especially species of Paragonimus westermani and P. kellicotti. Parasites are fleshy, very mobile, reddish-brown, oval, measuring about 1 to 2 cm in greatest dimension. Humans are infected by eating food contaminated with trematode larvae, and crustaceans and mollusks. Clinical manifestations mainly lung, with cough and phlegm occasionally hemoptysis. These symptoms can mimic pulmonary tuberculosis, which has similarities with radiology. In extrapulmonary sites, such as liver, brain peritoneum,, kidneys, genitals, heart, eyes, etc.., Symptoms depend on the organs affected. But the location of adult parasites are the lungs, where the egg to reach the bronchioles and larynx can be removed and thus sputum or swallowed and out through the feces.
Initial pathology is due to the larvae pass through the tissue, where they cause abscesses and minor bleeding. Injuries caused by the adult parasite is a type of inflammation at first and then with the formation of a fibrous cyst surrounded by necrotic material, especially in the lungs. Diagnosis is made by finding the eggs in the material ekspektorasi or feces. As an additional means used radiological and immunological testing facilities. The treatment is done with bithionol, chemical derivatives dichlorophenol, which has been used as an antiparasitic in animals.
Initial pathology is due to the larvae pass through the tissue, where they cause abscesses and minor bleeding. Injuries caused by the adult parasite is a type of inflammation at first and then with the formation of a fibrous cyst surrounded by necrotic material, especially in the lungs. Diagnosis is made by finding the eggs in the material ekspektorasi or feces. As an additional means used radiological and immunological testing facilities. The treatment is done with bithionol, chemical derivatives dichlorophenol, which has been used as an antiparasitic in animals.
Worms
The trematodes are parasitic flatworms, parasites are flat, usually leaf-shaped, with two suction cups, and hermaphrodites, which excluded equistosomas. Trematode parasite infection called. Trematodes have complex life cycles, with the following stages: eggs, embryos or larvae in the water first enters the ciliated maricidio snail, which is the first intermediate host, sporocyst and redia with asexual reproduction in snails, and finally cercaria, which attacks the definitive host , or metaserkaria, achieving both through crops or second intermediate host.
There are many animal trematode infections and infections in humans some derived from them. Most human trematode infections have systemic involvement. Trematode worms that occur in humans are: Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus opistorquis (westermani, kellicotti, peruvianus, and africanus).
There are many animal trematode infections and infections in humans some derived from them. Most human trematode infections have systemic involvement. Trematode worms that occur in humans are: Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus opistorquis (westermani, kellicotti, peruvianus, and africanus).
Opisthorchiasis
Opisthorchiasis is a parasitic trematode Opisthorchis viverrini infection and filineus Opisthorchis, flattened and elongated shaped leaves. These parasites lodge in the bile ducts of humans and animals. Eggs are eliminated with feces outside, hanging out with the bile into the small and large intestine. Humans infected with Opisthorchis eating raw or undercooked contaminated with larvae of this parasite. Symptoms include general weakness, epigastric and abdominal pain. In extreme cases, patients may develop cirrhosis of the liver. Treatment involves the administration of chloroquine or praziquantel.
Chilomastix Mesnili
The mesnili Chilomastix is non-pathogenic protozoan parasite, found in the intestine of the host, particularly in the colon. It has the ability to penetrate the intestinal wall, or spread to other parts of the body. The mesnili Chilomastix enters the human body through contaminated food and water. He almost always locked into the cyst in the intestine of the host.
Babesiosis
Babesiosis, also known as the fever tick, a parasite sometimes acquired by humans from most animals, but can also affect horses, sheep, dogs, etc.. Asexual parasites in erythrocytes have a production merozoites, causing hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells. Babesiosis caused by two types of protozoa: Babesia bovis and B. microti, which is transmitted between animals, and of these men tick. The symptoms of this disease consists of fever, anemia, and in severe cases, jaundice and hemoglobinuria. In some patients found hepato and splenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen). Diagnosis is made by examining the patient's blood, in which the Babesia. In severe cases, babesiosis treated with clindamycin and quinine. In mild cases, heal spontaneously.
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